Bootstrap the Nomad ACL system

Bootstrapping ACLs on a new cluster requires a few steps, outlined below. For multi-region clusters, you will perform the bootstrapping process on the authoritative region and set up replication.

Launch Terminal

This tutorial includes a free interactive command-line lab that lets you follow along on actual cloud infrastructure.

Start interactive lab

Enable ACLs on Nomad servers

The APIs needed to manage policies and tokens are not enabled until ACLs are enabled. To begin, you need to enable the ACLs on the servers. If a multi-region setup is used, the authoritative region should be enabled first. For each server:

1. Set the enabled value of the acl stanza to true. The acl stanza is a top-level stanza.

acl {
  enabled = true
}

Configure for multiple regions

For multi-region configurations, you will also need to perform additional configuration. The regions must be joined before bootstrapping ACLs. If the non-authoritative region was already using ACLs, any existing tokens in that region will stop working after federation as they will be overwritten by the authoritative region.

Set the authoritative region

For all clusters in a multi-region setup, set the authoritative_region value in the server stanza. Later, you'll set the replication_token value of the acl stanza. You will learn how to generate management tokens later in this tutorial.

Reload your Nomad configuration

Take care to restart the servers one at a time and to ensure each server has joined and is operating correctly before restarting another. You can use the nomad server members command to verify that a server is up and ready to handle requests.

Bootstrap and deploy anonymous policy

Once the ACL system is enabled, you need to generate the initial token. This first management token is used to bootstrap the system. Care should be taken not to lose all of your management tokens. If you do, you will need to re-bootstrap the ACL subsystem.

Stage an anonymous policy

When the ACL system is enabled, Nomad starts with a default deny-all policy. This means that by default, no permissions are granted. For clients making requests without ACL tokens, you may want to create a transitional anonymous policy to allow traffic to your cluster while you are generating and distributing tokens to your users. This is done by setting rules on the special "anonymous" policy.

Create a file named anonymous.policy.hcl, add this content to the file, and save the file. This policy allows read-only access.

namespace "default" {
  policy       = "read"
  capabilities = ["list-jobs", "read-job"]
}

agent {
  policy = "read"
}

operator {
  policy = "read"
}

quota {
  policy = "read"
}

node {
  policy = "read"
}

host_volume "*" {
  policy = "read"
}

You can use this policy as a transitional anonymous policy, which will minimize time in which requests can not be submitted to the cluster once you bootstrap. Additional information is available for node rules, agent rules, operator rules, quota rules, and host volume rules.

Run the bootstrap command

Once the ACL system is enabled, use the nomad acl bootstrap command:

$ nomad acl bootstrap
Accessor ID  = 5b7fd453-d3f7-6814-81dc-fcfe6daedea5
Secret ID    = 9184ec35-65d4-9258-61e3-0c066d0a45c5
Name         = Bootstrap Token
Type         = management
Global       = true
Policies     = n/a
Create Time  = 2017-09-11 17:38:10.999089612 +0000 UTC
Create Index = 7
Modify Index = 7

Once the initial bootstrap is performed, it cannot be performed again unless the reset procedure is complete. Make sure to save this AccessorID and SecretID. The bootstrap token is a management type token, meaning it can perform any operation. It should be used to setup the ACL policies and create additional ACL tokens. The bootstrap token can be deleted and is like any other token, care should be taken to not revoke all management tokens.

Provide a CLI token

If you attempt to run a command at this point without a token provided, you will encounter an error.

$ nomad status
Error querying jobs: Unexpected response code: 403 (Permission denied)

Save the bootstrap token value to a file named bootstrap.token. Replace BOOTSTRAP_SECRET_ID in the following command with the Secret ID you received above.

$ echo "BOOTSTRAP_SECRET_ID" > bootstrap.token

Provide the token for CLI commands by setting the NOMAD_TOKEN environment variable to the bootstrap token value in the bootstrap.token file.

$ export NOMAD_TOKEN=$(cat bootstrap.token)

Run the nomad status command. It completes successfully because a token value is set.

$ nomad status
No running jobs

Deploy your anonymous policy

Next, install the anonymous policy with the nomad acl policy apply command.

$ nomad acl policy apply -description "Anonymous policy (full-access)" anonymous anonymous.policy.hcl
Successfully wrote "anonymous" ACL policy!

Once this command has completed, requests to the cluster that do not present a token will use this policy.

You can also use the Nomad API to submit policies as JSON objects. Consult the Nomad acl/policy API documentation for more information.

Verify anonymous requests succeed

Verify that the anonymous policy is performing as expected.

Unset your NOMAD_TOKEN environment variable to send unauthenticated requests to your cluster.

$ unset NOMAD_TOKEN

Verify that the token is unset. This command returns an empty response.

$ echo ${NOMAD_TOKEN}

Check the status. This command succeeds without a token set because the anonymous policy has permissions to read job status.

$ nomad status
No running jobs

Delete the anonymous policy

Once you have provided your users with tokens, you can update the anonymous policy to be more restrictive or delete it completely to deny all requests from unauthenticated users.

Delete the anonymous policy. Set the NOMAD_TOKEN environment variable to the bootstrap token value again. This is necessary as the nomad acl policy delete command requires the management token.

$ export NOMAD_TOKEN=$(cat bootstrap.token)

Then, delete the anonymous policy.

$ nomad acl policy delete anonymous
Successfully deleted anonymous policy!

Enable ACLs on Nomad clients

To enforce client endpoints, you need to enable ACLs on clients as well. Do this by setting the enabled value of the acl stanza to true. Once complete, restart the client to read in the new configuration.

Create management tokens for other regions

Once you have bootstrapped ACLs on the servers of the authoritative region, you can create the replication tokens for all of the non-authoritative regions in a multi-region configuration. These tokens must be management-type tokens since they are used to communicate with ACL API in the authoritative region.

Create the replication token with the nomad acl token create command. Don't forget to provide a management token via the NOMAD_TOKEN environment variable or the -token flag. As practice, this time use the -token flag:

$ nomad acl token create -type="management" -global=true \
  -name="Cluster A Replication Token" \
  -token="c999c4c2-6146-1bac-eb47-3958bbffe9d8"
Accessor ID  = ec175d30-26ea-4a54-4850-45f833acece5
Secret ID    = 9e2bb5ed-b3af-6bf3-5bbc-16dc684c5c31
Name         = Cluster A Replication Token
Type         = management
Global       = true
Policies     = n/a
Create Time  = 2020-01-08 21:12:43.32324673 +0000 UTC
Create Index = 2916
Modify Index = 2916

Re-bootstrap ACL system

If all management tokens are lost, it is possible to reset the ACL bootstrap so that it can be performed again. First, you need to determine the reset index with the bootstrap endpoint:

$ nomad acl bootstrap
Error bootstrapping: Unexpected response code: 500 (ACL bootstrap already done (reset index: 7))

The error message contains the reset index. To reset the ACL system, create a file named acl-bootstrap-reset containing the value of the "reset index". This file should be placed in the data directory of the leader node:

$ echo 7 >> /nomad-data-dir/server/acl-bootstrap-reset

Once the reset file is in place, you can re-bootstrap the cluster:

$ nomad acl bootstrap
Accessor ID  = 52d3353d-d7b9-d945-0591-1af608732b76
Secret ID    = 4b0a41ca-6d32-1853-e64b-de0d347e4525
Name         = Bootstrap Token
Type         = management
Global       = true
Policies     = n/a
Create Time  = 2017-09-11 18:38:11.929089612 +0000 UTC
Create Index = 11
Modify Index = 11

If you attempt to bootstrap again you will get a mismatch on the reset index:

$ nomad acl bootstrap

Error bootstrapping: Unexpected response code: 500 (Invalid bootstrap reset index (specified 7, reset index: 11))

This is because the reset file is in place, but with the former index. The reset file can be deleted. However, if it is left behind, Nomad will not reset the bootstrap unless the file's contents match the actual reset index.

Next steps

For a single cluster, the process is complete. For multi-region clusters, you can generate tokens local to each region to scope policies to a specific region, or use tokens with a Global scope so that you can submit jobs from any region to any other region.

Now that you have learned about bootstrapping your Nomad cluster, you will learn more about how to create Nomad ACL policies.