Vault
Vault

Vault Installation to Amazon Elastic Kubernetes Service via Helm

  • 19min

  • Vault

Amazon Elastic Kubernetes Service (EKS) can run and scale Vault in the Amazon Web Services (AWS) cloud or on-premises. Creating a Kubernetes cluster and launching Vault via the Helm chart can be accomplished all from the command-line.

In this tutorial, you create a cluster in AWS, deploy a MySQL server, install Vault in high-availability (HA) mode via the Helm chart and then configure the authentication between Vault and the cluster. Then you deploy a web application with deployment annotations so the application's secrets are installed via the Vault Agent injector service.

Prerequisites

This tutorial requires an AWS account, AWS command-line interface (CLI), Amazon EKS CLI, Kubernetes CLI and the Helm CLI.

First, create an AWS account.

Next, install AWS CLI, Amazon EKS CLI, kubectl CLI and helm CLI.

Install aws with Homebrew.

$ brew install awscli

Install eksctl with Homebrew.

$ brew install eksctl

Install kubectl with Homebrew.

$ brew install kubernetes-cli

Install helm with Homebrew.

$ brew install helm

Next, configure the aws CLI with credentials.

$ aws configure

This command prompts you to enter an AWS access key ID, AWS secret access key, and default region name.

Tip: The above example uses IAM user authentication. You can use any authentication method described in the AWS provider documentation.

Next, create a keypair to enable you to SSH into created nodes.

$ aws ec2 create-key-pair --key-name learn-vault

Start cluster

A Vault cluster that is launched in high-availability requires a Kubernetes cluster with three nodes.

Provision with Terraform: An alternative way to manage the lifecycle of cluster is with Terraform. Learn more in the Provision an EKS Cluster (AWS) tutorial.

  1. Create a three node cluster named learn-vault.

    $ eksctl create cluster \
    --name learn-vault \
    --nodes 3 \
    --with-oidc \
    --ssh-access \
    --ssh-public-key learn-vault \
    --managed

    Example output: 

    [ℹ]  eksctl version 0.97.0
[ℹ]  using region us-west-1

...snip...

[ℹ]  node "ip-192-168-26-181.us-west-1.compute.internal" is ready
[ℹ]  node "ip-192-168-34-73.us-west-1.compute.internal" is ready
[ℹ]  node "ip-192-168-35-238.us-west-1.compute.internal" is ready
[ℹ]  kubectl command should work with "/Users/yoko/.kube/config", try 'kubectl get nodes'
[✔]  EKS cluster "learn-vault" in "us-west-1" region is ready

    The cluster is created, deployed and then health-checked. When the cluster is ready the command modifies the kubectl configuration so that the commands you issue are performed against that cluster.

    Managing multiple clusters: kubectl enables you to manage multiple clusters through the context configuration. You display the available contexts kubectl config get-contexts and set the context by name kubectl config use-context NAME.

  2. Display the nodes of the cluster.

    $ kubectl get nodes

NAME                                           STATUS   ROLES    AGE   VERSION
ip-192-168-26-181.us-west-1.compute.internal   Ready    <none>   29m   v1.22.6-eks-7d68063
ip-192-168-34-73.us-west-1.compute.internal    Ready    <none>   29m   v1.22.6-eks-7d68063
ip-192-168-35-238.us-west-1.compute.internal   Ready    <none>   29m   v1.22.6-eks-7d68063

    The cluster is ready.

Install the MySQL Helm chart

MySQL is a fast, reliable, scalable, and easy to use open-source relational database system. MySQL Server is intended for mission-critical, heavy-load production systems as well as for embedding into mass-deployed software.

  1. Add the Bitnami Helm repository.

    $ helm repo add bitnami https://charts.bitnami.com/bitnami
"bitnami" has been added to your repositories

  2. Install the latest version of the MySQL Helm chart.

    $ helm install mysql bitnami/mysql

    Output:

    NAME: mysql
LAST DEPLOYED: Thu May 19 10:37:43 2022
NAMESPACE: default
STATUS: deployed
REVISION: 1
TEST SUITE: None
NOTES:
CHART NAME: mysql
CHART VERSION: 9.0.2
APP VERSION: 8.0.29

** Please be patient while the chart is being deployed **

Tip:

  Watch the deployment status using the command: kubectl get pods -w --namespace default

Services:

  echo Primary: mysql.default.svc.cluster.local:3306

Execute the following to get the administrator credentials:

  echo Username: root
  MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=$(kubectl get secret --namespace default mysql -o jsonpath="{.data.mysql-root-password}" | base64 --decode)

To connect to your database:

  1. Run a pod that you can use as a client:

      kubectl run mysql-client --rm --tty -i --restart='Never' --image  docker.io/bitnami/mysql:8.0.29-debian-10-r21 --namespace default --env MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=$MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD --command -- bash

  2. To connect to primary service (read/write):

      mysql -h mysql.default.svc.cluster.local -uroot -p"$MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD"

    By default the MySQL Helm chart deploys a single pod a service.

  3. Get all the pods within the default namespace.

    $ kubectl get pods
NAME                                    READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
mysql-0                                 1/1     Running   0          2m58s

    Wait until the mysql-0 pod is running and ready (1/1).

    The mysql-0 pod runs a MySQL server.

    Demonstration Only: MySQL should be run with additional pods to ensure reliability when used in production. Refer to the MySQL Helm chart to override default parameters.

  4. Get all the services within the default namespace.

    $  kubectl get services
NAME                       TYPE        CLUSTER-IP       EXTERNAL-IP   PORT(S)             AGE
kubernetes                 ClusterIP   10.100.0.1       <none>        443/TCP             3h24m
mysql                      ClusterIP   10.100.68.110    <none>        3306/TCP            15m
mysql-headless             ClusterIP   None             <none>        3306/TCP            15m

    The mysql service directs request to the mysql-0 pod. Pods within the cluster may address the MySQL server with the address mysql.default.svc.cluster.local.

    The MySQL root password is stored as Kubernetes secret. This password is required by Vault to create credentials for the application pod deployed later.

  5. Create a variable named ROOT_PASSWORD that stores the mysql root user password.

    $ ROOT_PASSWORD=$(kubectl get secret --namespace default mysql -o jsonpath="{.data.mysql-root-password}" | base64 --decode)

    The MySQL server, addressed through the service, is ready.

Install the Vault Helm chart

The recommended way to run Vault on Kubernetes is via the Helm chart.

  1. Add the HashiCorp Helm repository.

    $ helm repo add hashicorp https://helm.releases.hashicorp.com
"hashicorp" has been added to your repositories

  2. Update all the repositories to ensure helm is aware of the latest versions.

    $ helm repo update
Hang tight while we grab the latest from your chart repositories...
...Successfully got an update from the "hashicorp" chart repository
Update Complete. ⎈Happy Helming!⎈

  3. Search for all the Vault Helm chart versions.

    $ helm search repo vault --versions

NAME            CHART VERSION   APP VERSION DESCRIPTION
hashicorp/vault 0.20.0          1.10.3      Official HashiCorp Vault Chart
hashicorp/vault 0.19.0          1.9.2       Official HashiCorp Vault Chart
hashicorp/vault 0.18.0          1.9.0       Official HashiCorp Vault Chart
## ...

    The Vault Helm chart contains all the necessary components to run Vault in several different modes.

    Default behavior: By default, it launches Vault on a single pod in standalone mode with a file storage backend. Enabling high-availability with Integrated Storage requires that you override these defaults.

  4. Install the latest version of the Vault Helm chart in HA mode with integrated storage.

    $ helm install vault hashicorp/vault \
    --set='server.ha.enabled=true' \
    --set='server.ha.raft.enabled=true'

    The Vault pods and Vault Agent Injector pod are deployed in the default namespace.

  5. Get all the pods within the default namespace.

    $ kubectl get pods
NAME                                    READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
vault-0                                 0/1     Running   0          30s
vault-1                                 0/1     Running   0          30s
vault-2                                 0/1     Running   0          30s
vault-agent-injector-56bf46695f-crqqn   1/1     Running   0          30s

    The vault-0, vault-1, and vault-2 pods deployed run a Vault server and report that they are Running but that they are not ready (0/1). This is because the status check defined in a readinessProbe returns a non-zero exit code.

    The vault-agent-injector pod deployed is a Kubernetes Mutation Webhook Controller. The controller intercepts pod events and applies mutations to the pod if specific annotations exist within the request.

  6. Retrieve the status of Vault on the vault-0 pod.

    $ kubectl exec vault-0 -- vault status

    Example output:
    The status command reports that Vault is not initialized and that it is sealed. For Vault to authenticate with Kubernetes and manage secrets requires that that is initialized and unsealed.

    Key                Value
---                -----
Seal Type          shamir
Initialized        false
Sealed             true
Total Shares       0
Threshold          0
Unseal Progress    0/0
Unseal Nonce       n/a
Version            1.10.3
Storage Type       raft
HA Enabled         true
command terminated with exit code 2

Initialize and unseal one Vault pod

Vault starts uninitialized and in the sealed state. Prior to initialization the Integrated Storage backend is not prepared to receive data.

  1. Initialize Vault with one key share and one key threshold.

    $ kubectl exec vault-0 -- vault operator init \
    -key-shares=1 \
    -key-threshold=1 \
    -format=json > cluster-keys.json

    The operator init command generates a root key that it disassembles into key shares -key-shares=1 and then sets the number of key shares required to unseal Vault -key-threshold=1. These key shares are written to the output as unseal keys in JSON format -format=json. Here the output is redirected to a file named cluster-keys.json.

  2. Display the unseal key found in cluster-keys.json.

    $ cat cluster-keys.json | jq -r ".unseal_keys_b64[]"
rrUtT32GztRy/pVWmcH0ZQLCCXon/TxCgi40FL1Zzus=

    Insecure operation: Do not run an unsealed Vault in production with a single key share and a single key threshold. This approach is only used here to simplify the unsealing process for this demonstration.

  3. Create a variable named VAULT_UNSEAL_KEY to capture the Vault unseal key.

    $ VAULT_UNSEAL_KEY=$(cat cluster-keys.json | jq -r ".unseal_keys_b64[]")

    After initialization, Vault is configured to know where and how to access the storage, but does not know how to decrypt any of it. Unsealing is the process of constructing the root key necessary to read the decryption key to decrypt the data, allowing access to the Vault.

  4. Unseal Vault running on the vault-0 pod.

    $ kubectl exec vault-0 -- vault operator unseal $VAULT_UNSEAL_KEY

    Example output: The operator unseal command reports that Vault is initialized and unsealed.

    Key                     Value
---                     -----
Seal Type               shamir
Initialized             true
Sealed                  false
Total Shares            1
Threshold               1
Version                 1.10.3
Storage Type            raft
Cluster Name            vault-cluster-16efc511
Cluster ID              649c814a-a505-421d-e4bb-d9175c7e6b38
HA Enabled              true
HA Cluster              n/a
HA Mode                 standby
Active Node Address     <none>
Raft Committed Index    31
Raft Applied Index      31

    Insecure operation: Providing the unseal key with the command writes the key to your shell's history. This approach is only used here to simplify the unsealing process for this demonstration.

  5. Retrieve the status of Vault on the vault-0 pod.

    $ kubectl exec vault-0 -- vault status
Key                     Value
---                     -----
Seal Type               shamir
Initialized             true
Sealed                  false
Total Shares            1
Threshold               1
Version                 1.10.3
Storage Type            raft
Cluster Name            vault-cluster-16efc511
Cluster ID              649c814a-a505-421d-e4bb-d9175c7e6b38
HA Enabled              true
HA Cluster              https://vault-0.vault-internal:8201
HA Mode                 active
Active Since            2022-05-19T17:41:07.226862254Z
Raft Committed Index    36
Raft Applied Index      36

    The Vault server is initialized and unsealed.

Join the other Vaults to the Vault cluster

The Vault server running on the vault-0 pod is a Vault HA cluster with a single node. To display the list of nodes requires that you are logging in with the root token.

  1. Display the root token found in cluster-keys.json.

    $ cat cluster-keys.json | jq -r ".root_token"
hvs.3VYhJODbhlQPeW5zspVvBCzD

  2. Create a variable named CLUSTER_ROOT_TOKEN to capture the Vault unseal key.

    $ CLUSTER_ROOT_TOKEN=$(cat cluster-keys.json | jq -r ".root_token")

  3. Login with the root token on the vault-0 pod.

    $ kubectl exec vault-0 -- vault login $CLUSTER_ROOT_TOKEN

Success! You are now authenticated. The token information displayed below
is already stored in the token helper. You do NOT need to run "vault login"
again. Future Vault requests will automatically use this token.

Key                  Value
---                  -----
token                hvs.3VYhJODbhlQPeW5zspVvBCzD
token_accessor       5sy3tZm3qCQ1ai7wTDOS97XG
token_duration       ∞
token_renewable      false
token_policies       ["root"]
identity_policies    []
policies             ["root"]

    Insecure operation: The login command stores the root token in a file for the container user. Subsequent commands are executed with that token. This approach is only used here to simplify the cluster configuration demonstration.

  4. List all the nodes within the Vault cluster for the vault-0 pod.

    $ kubectl exec vault-0 -- vault operator raft list-peers
Node                                    Address                        State     Voter
----                                    -------                        -----     -----
09d9b35d-0336-7de7-cc94-90a1f3a0aff8    vault-0.vault-internal:8201    leader    true

    This displays the one node within the Vault cluster. This cluster is addressable through the Kubernetes service vault-0.vault-internal created by the Helm chart. The Vault servers on the other pods need to join this cluster and be unsealed.

  5. Join the Vault server on vault-1 to the Vault cluster.

    $ kubectl exec vault-1 -- vault operator raft join http://vault-0.vault-internal:8200
Key       Value
---       -----
Joined    true

    This Vault server joins the cluster sealed. To unseal the Vault server requires the same unseal key, VAULT_UNSEAL_KEY, provided to the first Vault server.

  6. Unseal the Vault server on vault-1 with the unseal key.

    $ kubectl exec vault-1 -- vault operator unseal $VAULT_UNSEAL_KEY

Key                     Value
---                     -----
Seal Type               shamir
Initialized             true
Sealed                  false
Total Shares            1
Threshold               1
Version                 1.10.3
Storage Type            raft
Cluster Name            vault-cluster-16efc511
Cluster ID              649c814a-a505-421d-e4bb-d9175c7e6b38
HA Enabled              true
HA Cluster              https://vault-0.vault-internal:8201
HA Mode                 standby
Active Node Address     http://192.168.58.131:8200
Raft Committed Index    76
Raft Applied Index      76

    The Vault server on vault-1 is now a functional node within the Vault cluster.

  7. Join the Vault server on vault-2 to the Vault cluster.

    $ kubectl exec vault-2 -- vault operator raft join http://vault-0.vault-internal:8200
Key       Value
---       -----
Joined    true

  8. Unseal the Vault server on vault-2 with the unseal key.

    $ kubectl exec vault-2 -- vault operator unseal $VAULT_UNSEAL_KEY

Key                     Value
---                     -----
Seal Type               shamir
Initialized             true
Sealed                  false
Total Shares            1
Threshold               1
Version                 1.10.3
Storage Type            raft
Cluster Name            vault-cluster-16efc511
Cluster ID              649c814a-a505-421d-e4bb-d9175c7e6b38
HA Enabled              true
HA Cluster              https://vault-0.vault-internal:8201
HA Mode                 standby
Active Node Address     http://192.168.58.131:8200
Raft Committed Index    76
Raft Applied Index      76

    The Vault server on vault-2 is now a functional node within the Vault cluster.

  9. List all the nodes within the Vault cluster for the vault-0 pod.

    $ kubectl exec vault-0 -- vault operator raft list-peers
Node                                    Address                        State       Voter
----                                    -------                        -----       -----
09d9b35d-0336-7de7-cc94-90a1f3a0aff8    vault-0.vault-internal:8201    leader      true
7078a8b7-7948-c224-a97f-af64771ad999    vault-1.vault-internal:8201    follower    true
aaf46893-0a93-17ce-115e-f57033d7f41d    vault-2.vault-internal:8201    follower    true

    This displays all three nodes within the Vault cluster.

    Voter status: It may take additional time for each node's voter status to return true.

  10. Get all the pods within the default namespace.

    $ kubectl get pods
NAME                                    READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
vault-0                                 1/1     Running   0          5m49s
vault-1                                 1/1     Running   0          5m48s
vault-2                                 1/1     Running   0          5m47s
vault-agent-injector-5945fb98b5-vzbqv   1/1     Running   0          5m50s

    The vault-0, vault-1, and vault-2 pods report that they are Running and ready (1/1).

Create a Vault database role

The web application that you deploy in the Launch a web application section, expects Vault to store a username and password at the path secret/webapp/config. To create this secret requires you to login with the root token, enable the key-value secret engine, and store a secret username and password at that defined path.

  1. Enable database secrets at the path database.

    $ kubectl exec vault-0 -- vault secrets enable database
Success! Enabled the database secrets engine at: database/

  2. Configure the database secrets engine with the connection credentials for the MySQL database.

    $ kubectl exec vault-0 -- vault write database/config/mysql \
    plugin_name=mysql-database-plugin \
    connection_url="{{username}}:{{password}}@tcp(mysql.default.svc.cluster.local:3306)/" \
    allowed_roles="readonly" \
    username="root" \
    password="$ROOT_PASSWORD"

    Output: 

    Success! Data written to: database/config/mysql

  3. Create a database secrets engine role named readonly.

    $ kubectl exec vault-0 -- vault write database/roles/readonly \
    db_name=mysql \
    creation_statements="CREATE USER '{{name}}'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY '{{password}}';GRANT SELECT ON *.* TO '{{name}}'@'%';" \
    default_ttl="1h" \
    max_ttl="24h"

    The readonly role generates credentials that are able to perform queries for any table in the database.

    Output: 

    Success! Data written to: database/roles/readonly

  4. Read credentials from the readonly database role.

    $ kubectl exec vault-0 -- vault read database/creds/readonly

Key                Value
---                -----
lease_id           database/creds/readonly/qtWlgBT1YTQEPKiXe7CrotsT
lease_duration     1h
lease_renewable    true
password           WLESe5T-RLkTj-h-lDbT
username           v-root-readonly-pk168KvLS8sc80Of

    Learn more: For more information refer to the Database Secrets Engine tutorial.

    Vault is able to generate crentials within the MySQL database.

Configure Vault Kubernetes authentication

The initial root token is a privileged user that can perform any operation at any path. The web application only requires the ability to read secrets defined at a single path. This application should authenticate and be granted a token with limited access.

Best practice: We recommend that root tokens are used only for initial setup of an authentication method and policies. Afterwards they should be revoked. This tutorial does not show you how to revoke the root token.

Vault provides a Kubernetes authentication method that enables clients to authenticate with a Kubernetes Service Account Token.

  1. Start an interactive shell session on the vault-0 pod.

    $ kubectl exec --stdin=true --tty=true vault-0 -- /bin/sh
/ $

    Your system prompt is replaced with a new prompt / $.

    Note: the prompt within this section is shown as $ but the commands are intended to be executed within this interactive shell on the vault-0 container.

  2. Enable the Kubernetes authentication method.

    $ vault auth enable kubernetes
Success! Enabled kubernetes auth method at: kubernetes/

    Vault accepts a service token from any client within the Kubernetes cluster. During authentication, Vault verifies that the service account token is valid by querying a token review Kubernetes endpoint.

  3. Configure the Kubernetes authentication method to use the location of the Kubernetes API.

    For the best compatibility with recent Kubernetes versions, ensure you are using Vault v1.9.3 or greater.

    $ vault write auth/kubernetes/config \
    kubernetes_host="https://$KUBERNETES_PORT_443_TCP_ADDR:443"

    Output: 

    Success! Data written to: auth/kubernetes/config

    The environment variable KUBERNETES_PORT_443_TCP_ADDR is defined and references the internal network address of the Kubernetes host.

    For a client of the Vault server to read the credentials defined in the Create a Vault database role step requires that the read capability be granted for the path database/creds/readonly.

  4. Write out the policy named devwebapp that enables the read capability for secrets at path database/creds/readonly

    $ vault policy write devwebapp - <<EOF
path "database/creds/readonly" {
  capabilities = ["read"]
}
EOF

  5. Create a Kubernetes authentication role named devweb-app.

    $ vault write auth/kubernetes/role/devweb-app \
      bound_service_account_names=internal-app \
      bound_service_account_namespaces=default \
      policies=devwebapp \
      ttl=24h

    Output: 

    Success! Data written to: auth/kubernetes/role/devweb-app

    The role connects a Kubernetes service account, internal-app (created in the next step), and namespace, default, with the Vault policy, devwebapp. The tokens returned after authentication are valid for 24 hours.

  6. Exit the vault-0 pod.

    $ exit

Deploy web application

The web application pod requires the creation of the internal-app Kubernetes service account specified in the Vault Kubernetes authentication role created in the Configure Kubernetes authentication step.

  1. Define a Kubernetes service account named internal-app.

    $ cat > internal-app.yaml <<EOF
apiVersion: v1
kind: ServiceAccount
metadata:
  name: internal-app
EOF

  2. Create the internal-app service account.

    $ kubectl apply --filename internal-app.yaml
serviceaccount/internal-app created

  3. Define a pod named devwebapp with the web application.

    $ cat > devwebapp.yaml <<EOF
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: devwebapp
  labels:
    app: devwebapp
  annotations:
    vault.hashicorp.com/agent-inject: "true"
    vault.hashicorp.com/agent-cache-enable: "true"
    vault.hashicorp.com/role: "devweb-app"
    vault.hashicorp.com/agent-inject-secret-database-connect.sh: "database/creds/readonly"
    vault.hashicorp.com/agent-inject-template-database-connect.sh: |
      {{- with secret "database/creds/readonly" -}}
      mysql -h my-release-mysql.default.svc.cluster.local --user={{ .Data.username }} --password={{ .Data.password }} my_database

      {{- end -}}
spec:
  serviceAccountName: internal-app
  containers:
    - name: devwebapp
      image: jweissig/app:0.0.1
EOF

  4. Create the devwebapp pod.

    $ kubectl apply --filename devwebapp.yaml
pod/devwebapp created

    This definition creates a pod with the specified container running with the internal-app Kubernetes service account. The container within the pod is unaware of the Vault cluster. The Vault Injector service reads the annotations and determines that it should take action vault.hashicorp.com/agent-inject. The credentials, read from Vault at database/creds/readonly, are retrieved by the devwebapp-role Vault role and stored at the file location, /vault/secrets/database-connect.sh, and then mounted on the pod.

    The credentials are requested first by the vault-agent-init container to ensure they are present when the application pod initializes. After the application pod initializes, the injector service creates a vault-agent pod that assist the application in maintaining the credentials during initialization. The credentials requested by the vault-agent-init container are cached, vault.hashicorp.com/agent-cache-enable: "true", and used by vault-agent container.

    Agent Cache: Prior to Vault 1.7 and Vault-K8s 0.9.0 the vault.hashicorp.com/agent-cache-enable parameter was not available. The credentials requested by the vault-agent-init container were requested again by the vault-agent container resulting in multiple credentials issued for the same pod.

    Learn more: For more information about annotations refer to the Injecting Secrets into Kubernetes Pods via Vault Agent Injector tutorial and the Annotations documentation.

  5. Get all the pods within the default namespace.

    $ kubectl get pods

NAME                                    READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
devwebapp                               2/2     Running   0          36s
mysql-0                                 1/1     Running   0          7m32s
vault-0                                 1/1     Running   0          5m40s
vault-1                                 1/1     Running   0          5m40s
vault-2                                 1/1     Running   0          5m40s
vault-agent-injector-76fff8f7c6-lk6gz   1/1     Running   0          5m40s

    Wait until the devwebapp pod reports that is running and ready (2/2).

  6. Display the secrets written to the file /vault/secrets/database-connect.sh on the devwebapp pod.

    $ kubectl exec --stdin=true \
    --tty=true devwebapp \
    --container devwebapp \
    -- cat /vault/secrets/database-connect.sh

    The result displays a mysql command with the credentials generated for this pod.

    mysql -h my-release-mysql.default.svc.cluster.local --user=v-kubernetes-readonly-zpqRzAee2b --password=Jb4epAXSirS2s-pnrI9- my_database

Clean up

Destroy the cluster.

$ eksctl delete cluster --name learn-vault

The cluster is destroyed.

Next steps

You launched Vault in high-availability mode with a Helm chart. Learn more about the Vault Helm chart by reading the documentation or exploring the project source code.

The pod you deployed used annotations to inject the secret into the file system. Explore how pods can retrieve secrets through the Vault Injector service via annotations, or secrets mounted on ephemeral volumes.

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