Database Credentials

Database Secrets Engine with MongoDB

  • 22min

  • Vault

Data protection is a top priority, and database credential rotation is a critical part of any data protection initiative. When a system is attacked by hackers, continuous credential rotation becomes necessary and needs to be automated.

Vault's database secrets engine generates database credentials dynamically based on user-defined roles. The database administrator can pre-define the time-to-live (TTL) of the database credentials to enforce its validity so that they are automatically revoked when they are expired.

Each app instance can get unique credentials that they don't have to share. By making those credentials short-lived, you reduce the chance that they might be compromised. If an app was compromised, the credentials used by the app can be revoked rather than changing more global sets of credentials.

Personas

The end-to-end scenario described in this tutorial involves two personas:

  • admin with privileged permissions to configure secrets engines
  • Vault clients (users, apps, systems, etc.) read the secrets from Vault

Prerequisites

This lab was tested on macOS using an x86_64 based processor. If you are running macOS on an Apple silicon-based processor, use a x86_64 based Linux virtual machine in your preferred cloud provider.

To perform the tasks described in this tutorial, you need to have:

  • Docker to run MongDB
  • Vault installed
  • jq installed
  • ngrok installed and configured with an auth token (HCP Vault only)

Lab setup

Start MongoDB

The tutorial requires a MongoDB database. Docker provides a MongoDB server image that satisfies this requirement.

NOTE: This tutorial works for an existing MongoDB database given appropriate credentials and connection information.

  1. Create a MongoDB database with a root user named mdbadmin with the password hQ97T9JJKZoqnFn2NXE.

    $ docker run -d \
    -p 0.0.0.0:27017:27017 -p 0.0.0.0:28017:28017 \
    --name=mongodb \
    -e MONGO_INITDB_ROOT_USERNAME="mdbadmin" \
    -e MONGO_INITDB_ROOT_PASSWORD="hQ97T9JJKZoqnFn2NXE" \
    mongo

    $ docker run -d \
    -p 0.0.0.0:27017:27017 -p 0.0.0.0:28017:28017 \
    --name=mongodb \
    -e MONGO_INITDB_ROOT_USERNAME="mdbadmin" \
    -e MONGO_INITDB_ROOT_PASSWORD="hQ97T9JJKZoqnFn2NXE" \
    mongo

The database is now available to experiment with the database secrets engine.

Start Vault

  1. In another terminal, start a Vault dev server with root as the root token.

    $ vault server -dev -dev-root-token-id=root

    $ vault server -dev -dev-root-token-id=root

    The Vault dev server defaults to running at 127.0.0.1:8200. The server is initialized and unsealed.

    Insecure operation: Do not run a Vault dev server in production. This approach starts a Vault server with an in-memory database and runs in an insecure way.

  2. Export an environment variable for the vault CLI to address the Vault server.

    $ export VAULT_ADDR=http://127.0.0.1:8200

    $ export VAULT_ADDR=http://127.0.0.1:8200

  3. Login with the root token.

    $ vault login root

Success! You are now authenticated. The token information displayed below
is already stored in the token helper. You do NOT need to run "vault login"
again. Future Vault requests will automatically use this token.

Key                  Value
---                  -----
token                root
token_accessor       n9CYvD0GK3iV6nwAOZQAy9Md
token_duration       ∞
token_renewable      false
token_policies       ["root"]
identity_policies    []
policies             ["root"]

    $ vault login root

Success! You are now authenticated. The token information displayed below
is already stored in the token helper. You do NOT need to run "vault login"
again. Future Vault requests will automatically use this token.

Key                  Value
---                  -----
token                root
token_accessor       n9CYvD0GK3iV6nwAOZQAy9Md
token_duration       ∞
token_renewable      false
token_policies       ["root"]
identity_policies    []
policies             ["root"]

    NOTE: For these tasks, you can use Vault's root token. However, it is recommended that root tokens are only used for enough initial setup or in emergencies. As a best practice, use an authentication method or token that meets the policy requirements.

  4. Export an environment variable for the root token.

    $ export VAULT_TOKEN=root

    $ export VAULT_TOKEN=root

  5. Export an environment variable for the MongoDB address.

    $ export MONGODB_URL=127.0.0.1:27017

    $ export MONGODB_URL=127.0.0.1:27017

You are ready to proceed with the tutorial.

Scenario Introduction

Scenario

In this tutorial, you will configure the MongoDB secrets engine and create a "tester" role that has read and write permissions.

  1. Enable the database secrets engine - admin task
  2. Configure MongoDB secrets engine - admin task
  3. Create a role - admin task
  4. Request MongoDB credentials - Vault clients to perform

This tutorial is running Vault in development mode, and use the root token. Be sure to read the Policy requirements section at the end.

Enable the database secrets engine

(Persona: admin)

The database secrets engine generates database credentials dynamically based on configured roles.

  1. Open a web browser and launch the Vault UI (the address is the same as VAULT_ADDR).

  2. Enter the token in the Token field and click Sign In (the token is the same as VAULT_TOKEN).

  3. Select Enable new engine.

  4. Select Databases from the list, and then click Next. Enabling database

  5. Enter mongodb in the Path field. Mount path

  6. Click Enable Engine to complete.

The database secrets engine is enabled at mongodb/.

Configure MongoDB secrets engine

(Persona: admin)

The database secrets engine supports many databases through a plugin interface. To use a MongoDB database with the secrets engine requires further configuration with the mongodb-database-plugin plugin and connection information.

  1. Select Create connection in the Connections tab for mongodb. Connect DB

  2. Select MongoDB from the Database plugin drop-down list.

  3. Enter mongo-test in the Connection Name field.

  4. Enter the following in the Connection url field replacing <host:port> with the value from the MONGODB_URL environment variable.

    mongodb://{{username}}:{{password}}@<host:port>/admin?tls=false

    mongodb://{{username}}:{{password}}@<host:port>/admin?tls=false

  5. Enter mdbadmin in the Username and hQ97T9JJKZoqnFn2NXE in the Password text fields. Configuration

  6. Click Create database.

  7. When prompted, click Enable without rotating to continue. Root credential rotation

    This is an optional step; however, it is recommended to rotate the root user's password. The remainder of this tutorial relies on the password you set when staring the MongoDB container, therefore you should skip this step to complete the tutorial.

    Read the Database Root Credential Rotation tutorial to learn about rotating the root credential immediately after the initial configuration of each database.

  8. Select mongodb. Configuration

  9. Select the Overview tab. Overview Once you set up a database connection, the overview page displays the current configuration summary.

The Vault generated password has a default pattern which may not adhere to your organization's password requirements. Read the User Configurable Password Generation for Secret Engines tutorial to learn about configuring the Vault-generated database password schema.

Create a role

(Persona: admin)

A role is a logical name within Vault that maps to database credentials. Some applications may need read-only permissions, and others may require read and write permissions. Practice the principle of least privilege and create a role appropriately for each database client.

In this step, you will create a "tester" role with time-to-live (TTL) set to 1 hour, and the maximum TTL is 24 hours. This allows Vault to revoke the credentials automatically once they reach the TTL.

  1. In the mongodb overview page, select Create new. Overview

  2. Enter tester in the Role name field.

  3. Enter mongo-test in the Database name field.

  4. Select dynamic from the Type of role drop-down list.

    Read the Database Static Roles and Credential Rotation tutorial to learn about static roles.

  5. Verify Generated credential's Time-to-Live (TTL) and Generated credential's maximum Time-to-Live (Max TTL) is to set the value to 1 hour and 1 day respectively.

  6. Enter the following in the Creation statement field.

    {
  "db": "admin",
  "roles": [
    {
      "role": "readWrite"
    },
    {
      "role": "read",
      "db": "foo"
    }
  ]
}

    {
  "db": "admin",
  "roles": [
    {
      "role": "readWrite"
    },
    {
      "role": "read",
      "db": "foo"
    }
  ]
}

    The Create Role page should look as below: Create a Role

  7. Click Create Role to complete.

Now, it is ready to dynamically generate database credentials to connect with the mongodb database.

Request MongoDB credentials

(Persona: Vault clients)

To connect to the MongoDB, Vault clients request Vault to dynamically generate the database credentials based on its role. In this case, the tester role.

This step uses the root token for demonstration. In reality, Vault clients would never use Vault's root token. After learning the basic steps, continue onto the Policy requirements section.

  1. Return to the mongo-test configuration page by selecting mongodb > mongo-test.

  2. Select the tester role. Allowed roles

  3. Select Generate credentials. Generate credentials

    This presents the generated lease. Click on the copy to clipboard icon to copy the generated username and password. Credentials

NOTE: From the mongodb overview page, enter the role name in the Get Credentials field and click Get Credentials to accomplish the same. The Get Credentials works for any role configured on the mongodb.

Credentials

The MongoDB credentials are displayed as username and password. The credentials are identified within Vault by the lease ID.

Read the customize the generated username schema section for additional discussion.

Validation

Connect to the MongoDB database using the Vault generated credentials.

$ docker exec -it mongodb mongo --username <username> --password <password>

$ docker exec -it mongodb mongo --username <username> --password <password>

Example:

$ docker exec -it mongodb mongo \
    --username v-token-tester-fO7smPyTgCrySIgQNrst-1615451034 \
    --password IePqQ26-EyIk6zEA637w

MongoDB shell version v4.4.4
connecting to: mongodb://127.0.0.1:27017/?compressors=disabled&gssapiServiceName=mongodb
Implicit session: session { "id" : UUID("aabf31e2-27f9-4ac5-9145-710dbd84ef8d") }
MongoDB server version: 4.4.4

$ docker exec -it mongodb mongo \
    --username v-token-tester-fO7smPyTgCrySIgQNrst-1615451034 \
    --password IePqQ26-EyIk6zEA637w

MongoDB shell version v4.4.4
connecting to: mongodb://127.0.0.1:27017/?compressors=disabled&gssapiServiceName=mongodb
Implicit session: session { "id" : UUID("aabf31e2-27f9-4ac5-9145-710dbd84ef8d") }
MongoDB server version: 4.4.4

You can list databases.

> show dbs;
admin  0.000GB

> show dbs;
admin  0.000GB

Enter exit to exit out of the Docker container.

Policy requirements

Each persona requires a different set of capabilities. These are expressed in policies. If you are not familiar with policies, complete the policies tutorial.

Example policy for admin

The admin persona needs to be able to set up the database secrets engine.

  • Enable the database secrets engine at mongodb (sys/mounts/mongodb)
  • Configure the MongoDB connection (mongodb/config/mongo-test)
  • Create a role (mongodb/roles/tester)
Admin persona

In addition, the admin needs to set up so that the Vault clients can talk to Vault.

  • Create policies for the Vault clients (sys/policies/acl/<policy_name>)
  • Enable an auth method for the Vault clients to login with Vault (sys/auth/<auth_method>)
  • Configure the auth method (auth/<auth_method>)
# Enable secrets engines at any path
path "sys/mounts/*" {
  capabilities = [ "create", "read", "update", "delete", "list" ]
}

# Manage the database secrets engine enabled at `mongodb` path
path "mongodb/*" {
  capabilities = [ "create", "read", "update", "delete", "list" ]
}

# Create ACL policies for Vault clients
path "sys/policies/acl/*" {
  capabilities = [ "create", "read", "update", "delete", "list" ]
}

#-----------------------------------------
# Example: Use AppRole auth method
#-----------------------------------------
# Eanble approle auth method at 'approle'
path "sys/auth/approle" {
  capabilities = [ "create", "read", "update", "delete", "list", "sudo" ]
}

# List all enabled auth methods
path "sys/auth" {
  capabilities = [ "read", "list" ]
}

# Create and manage roles
path "auth/approle/role/*" {
  capabilities = [ "create", "read", "update", "delete", "list" ]
}

#------------------------------------------
# Create token for testing
#------------------------------------------
# Create tokens
path "auth/token/create" {
  capabilities = [ "create", "read", "update", "delete", "list", "sudo" ]
}

# Enable secrets engines at any path
path "sys/mounts/*" {
  capabilities = [ "create", "read", "update", "delete", "list" ]
}

# Manage the database secrets engine enabled at `mongodb` path
path "mongodb/*" {
  capabilities = [ "create", "read", "update", "delete", "list" ]
}

# Create ACL policies for Vault clients
path "sys/policies/acl/*" {
  capabilities = [ "create", "read", "update", "delete", "list" ]
}

#-----------------------------------------
# Example: Use AppRole auth method
#-----------------------------------------
# Eanble approle auth method at 'approle'
path "sys/auth/approle" {
  capabilities = [ "create", "read", "update", "delete", "list", "sudo" ]
}

# List all enabled auth methods
path "sys/auth" {
  capabilities = [ "read", "list" ]
}

# Create and manage roles
path "auth/approle/role/*" {
  capabilities = [ "create", "read", "update", "delete", "list" ]
}

#------------------------------------------
# Create token for testing
#------------------------------------------
# Create tokens
path "auth/token/create" {
  capabilities = [ "create", "read", "update", "delete", "list", "sudo" ]
}

You should be able to complete this tutorial using a token with the above policy attached. If you are not familiar with creating policies, read the Vault Policies tutorial.

Example policy for Vault clients

The Vault clients persona needs to be able to request credentials from Vault.

Apps persona
# Required: Get credentials from the database secrets engine for 'tester' role.
path "mongodb/creds/tester" {
  capabilities = [ "read", "update"]
}

# Recommended: List all dynamic and static roles
path "mongodb/roles" {
  capabilities = [ "list" ]
}

path "mongodb/static-roles" {
  capabilities = [ "list" ]
}

# Required: Get credentials from the database secrets engine for 'tester' role.
path "mongodb/creds/tester" {
  capabilities = [ "read", "update"]
}

# Recommended: List all dynamic and static roles
path "mongodb/roles" {
  capabilities = [ "list" ]
}

path "mongodb/static-roles" {
  capabilities = [ "list" ]
}

Create a client policy

  1. Select Policies and then Create ACL policy.

  2. Enter clients in the Name field.

  3. Copy the policy and paste it into the Policy text box.

    # Required: Get credentials from the database secrets engine for 'tester' role.
path "mongodb/creds/tester" {
  capabilities = [ "read", "update"]
}

# Recommended: List all dynamic and static roles
path "mongodb/roles" {
  capabilities = [ "list" ]
}

path "mongodb/static-roles" {
  capabilities = [ "list" ]
}

    # Required: Get credentials from the database secrets engine for 'tester' role.
path "mongodb/creds/tester" {
  capabilities = [ "read", "update"]
}

# Recommended: List all dynamic and static roles
path "mongodb/roles" {
  capabilities = [ "list" ]
}

path "mongodb/static-roles" {
  capabilities = [ "list" ]
}

  4. Click Create policy.

  5. Log out of the Vault UI and switch to the terminal session you started in the Lab setup section.

  6. Create a token with the clients policy attached.

    $ vault token create -policy=clients -ttl=8h

    $ vault token create -policy=clients -ttl=8h

    Example output:

    Key                  Value
---                  -----
token                hvs.ad3DG8zxyPcqq4cvrMzsIxr9
token_accessor       lUcfmpppZVO1Sr6f6gwXznaF
token_duration       8h
token_renewable      true
token_policies       ["clients" "default"]
identity_policies    []
policies             ["clients" "default"]

    Key                  Value
---                  -----
token                hvs.ad3DG8zxyPcqq4cvrMzsIxr9
token_accessor       lUcfmpppZVO1Sr6f6gwXznaF
token_duration       8h
token_renewable      true
token_policies       ["clients" "default"]
identity_policies    []
policies             ["clients" "default"]

    Copy the generated token value. In this example, the token is hvs.ad3DG8zxyPcqq4cvrMzsIxr9.

  7. Return to the Vault UI and enter the generated token to sign in.

  8. Select mongodb/. Credentials

  9. Under Get Credentials, enter tester in the Role to use field.

  10. Click Get Credentials. The credentials are displayed.

Customize the generated username schema

In the request MongoDB credentials section, you saw the Vault generated username and password. The generated username looked similar to v-token-tester-6iRIcGv8tLpu816oblPY-1556567086. This may be less obvious to differentiate a username from another when you are auditing the database access.

Update the mongo-test connection configuration to specify that the generated database username to have the format of mongo-<role_name>-<random_char_length_8>.

In this tutorial, you created tester role; therefore, the <role_name> is tester.

  1. Update the mongo-test connection configuration with username template.

    $ vault write mongodb/config/mongo-test \
      plugin_name=mongodb-database-plugin \
      allowed_roles="tester" \
      connection_url="mongodb://{{username}}:{{password}}@$MONGODB_URL/admin?tls=false" \
      username="mdbadmin" \
      password="hQ97T9JJKZoqnFn2NXE" \
      username_template="mongo-test-{{.RoleName}}-{{random 8}}"

    $ vault write mongodb/config/mongo-test \
      plugin_name=mongodb-database-plugin \
      allowed_roles="tester" \
      connection_url="mongodb://{{username}}:{{password}}@$MONGODB_URL/admin?tls=false" \
      username="mdbadmin" \
      password="hQ97T9JJKZoqnFn2NXE" \
      username_template="mongo-test-{{.RoleName}}-{{random 8}}"

    The username_template parameter specifies the username format ("mongo-test-{{.RoleName}}-{{random 8}}"). The {{.RoleName}} returns the role name (tester) used to request a lease. The {{random 8}} returns 8 random characters.

  2. Request a new set of credentials.

    $ vault read mongodb/creds/tester

    $ vault read mongodb/creds/tester

    Example output:

    Key                Value
---                -----
lease_id           mongodb/creds/tester/JPQtefXthLkh7hE8vPpBY5Zw
lease_duration     24h
lease_renewable    true
password           GHVxvy6gDf7zD9Kxk-8f
username           mongo-test-tester-vLjw7VJI

    Key                Value
---                -----
lease_id           mongodb/creds/tester/JPQtefXthLkh7hE8vPpBY5Zw
lease_duration     24h
lease_renewable    true
password           GHVxvy6gDf7zD9Kxk-8f
username           mongo-test-tester-vLjw7VJI

    The generated username (mongo-test-tester-vLjw7VJI) adheres to the username template.

To customize the password rules, read the User Configurable Password Generation for Secret Engines tutorial.

Next steps

There are some tools available to help integrate your applications with Vault's database secrets engine. Using those tools, the existing applications may require minimum to no code change to work with Vault.

Refer to the following tutorials:

Help and Reference

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