Secure Consul agent communication with TLS encryption

Securing your datacenter with TLS encryption is an important step for production deployments. TLS configuration is also a prerequisite of our Security Model. Correctly configuring TLS can be a complex process, especially given the wide range of deployment methodologies. This tutorial will provide you with a production ready TLS configuration for RPC and consensus communication. However, you will need to secure HTTP communication for the CLI and UI separately

Consul supports using TLS to verify the authenticity of servers and clients. To enable TLS, Consul requires that all servers have certificates that are signed by a single Certificate Authority(CA). Clients should also have certificates that are authenticated with the same CA.

If you want to secure service-to-service communication with TLS, review the secure service communication tutorial.

Prerequisites

The certificate generation and distribution steps outlined in this tutorial are meant for new Consul datacenters. All the steps should be completed before you start the agent. Review the Deployment Guide if you're getting started.

If you need to enable TLS encryption on an existing datacenter, review this tutorial and then complete the update Agents to Communicate with TLS tutorial. The tutorial for the existing datacenter includes steps for a zero-downtime update of the agents.

This tutorial is structured in way that you build knowledge with every step. It is recommended to read the whole tutorial before starting with the actual work.

Launch Terminal

This tutorial includes a free interactive command-line lab that lets you follow along on actual cloud infrastructure.

Start interactive lab

Initialize the built-in CA

One of the first steps to configuring TLS for Consul is generating certificates. In order to prevent unauthorized datacenter access, Consul requires all certificates be signed by the same Certificate Authority (CA). This should be a private CA and not a public one as any certificate signed by this CA will be allowed to communicate with the datacenter.

There are a variety of tools for managing your own CA, like the PKI secret backend in Vault, but for the sake of simplicity this tutorial you will use Consul's built-in TLS helpers to create a CA. You will only need to create one CA for the datacenter. You should generate all certificates on the same node or workstation that is used to create the CA. The node or workstation should be stable, preferably not a Consul agent or a cloud server.

You can create the CA and certificates before starting Consul, as long as you have the Consul binary installed in your path.

$ consul tls ca create
==> Saved consul-agent-ca.pem
==> Saved consul-agent-ca-key.pem

The CA certificate, consul-agent-ca.pem, contains the public key necessary to validate Consul certificates and therefore must be distributed to every node that runs a consul agent.

The CA key, consul-agent-ca-key.pem, will be used to sign certificates for Consul nodes and must be kept private. Possession of this key allows anyone to run Consul as a trusted server or generate new valid certificates for the datacenter and obtain access to all Consul data, including ACL tokens.

Create the server certificates

Create a server certificate for datacenter dc1 and domain consul, if your datacenter or domain is different, remember to use the appropriate flags.

Repeat this process on the same node where you created the CA, until there is an individual certificate for each server. The command can be called over and over again, it will automatically increase the certificate and key numbers. You will need to distribute the certificates to the servers.

$ consul tls cert create -server -dc <dc_name>

$ consul tls cert create -server -dc dc1
==> WARNING: Server Certificates grants authority to become a
    server and access all state in the cluster including root keys
    and all ACL tokens. Do not distribute them to production hosts
    that are not server nodes. Store them as securely as CA keys.
==> Using consul-agent-ca.pem and consul-agent-ca-key.pem
==> Saved dc1-server-consul-0.pem
==> Saved dc1-server-consul-0-key.pem

$ consul tls cert create -server -dc <dc_name> -additional-dnsname=<secondary_consul_server_name>

$ consul tls cert create -server -dc dc1 -additional-dnsname="*.dc2.consul"
==> WARNING: Server Certificates grants authority to become a
    server and access all state in the cluster including root keys
    and all ACL tokens. Do not distribute them to production hosts
    that are not server nodes. Store them as securely as CA keys.
==> Using consul-agent-ca.pem and consul-agent-ca-key.pem
==> Saved dc1-server-consul-0.pem
==> Saved dc1-server-consul-0-key.pem

In order to authenticate Consul servers, servers are provided with a special certificate - one that contains server.dc1.consul in the Common Name and in the Subject Alternative Name. If you enable verify_server_hostname, only agents that provide such certificate are allowed to boot as a server. Without verify_server_hostname = true an attacker could compromise a Consul client agent and restart the agent as a server in order to get access to all the data in your datacenter! This is why server certificates are special, and only servers should have them provisioned.

Distribute the server certificates

After generating the server certificates, you will need to distribute them to the Consul servers and put their on-disk location in the agent configuration file.

The following files need to be copied to your Consul server:

• consul-agent-ca.pem: CA public certificate.
• dc1-server-consul-0.pem: Consul server node public certificate for the dc1 datacenter.
• dc1-server-consul-0-key.pem: Consul server node private key for the dc1 datacenter.

Repeat this process until all servers have these three files.

Client certificate distribution

There are two methods for distributing client certificates: auto encryption and operator. We recommend the auto-encryption method to alleviate the client certificate generation and distribution step for operators. This method uses the Connect CA to generate client certificates, which are automatically distributed to all Consul clients.

Use the operator method if you need to use a third-party CA or need more fine-grained control over certificate management. Review the Secure Agent Communication with Existing Certificate Authority tutorial for an example of using OpenSSL as a third-party CA.

verify_incoming = true
verify_outgoing = true
verify_server_hostname = true
ca_file = "consul-agent-ca.pem"
cert_file = "dc1-server-consul-0.pem"
key_file = "dc1-server-consul-0-key.pem"
auto_encrypt {
  allow_tls = true
}

{
  "verify_incoming": true,
  "verify_outgoing": true,
  "verify_server_hostname": true,
  "ca_file": "consul-agent-ca.pem",
  "cert_file": "dc1-server-consul-0.pem",
  "key_file": "dc1-server-consul-0-key.pem",
  "auto_encrypt": {
    "allow_tls": true
  }
}

verify_incoming = false
verify_outgoing = true
verify_server_hostname = true
ca_file = "consul-agent-ca.pem"
auto_encrypt = {
  tls = true
}

{
  "verify_incoming": false,
  "verify_outgoing": true,
  "verify_server_hostname": true,
  "ca_file": "consul-agent-ca.pem",
  "auto_encrypt": {
    "tls": true
  }
}

verify_incoming = true
verify_outgoing = true
verify_server_hostname = true
ca_file = "consul-agent-ca.pem"
cert_file = "dc1-server-consul-0.pem"
key_file = "dc1-server-consul-0-key.pem"

{
  "verify_incoming": true,
  "verify_outgoing": true,
  "verify_server_hostname": true,
  "ca_file": "consul-agent-ca.pem",
  "cert_file": "dc1-server-consul-0.pem",
  "key_file": "dc1-server-consul-0-key.pem"
}

$ consul tls cert create -client
==> Using consul-agent-ca.pem and consul-agent-ca-key.pem
==> Saved dc1-client-consul-0.pem
==> Saved dc1-client-consul-0-key.pem

verify_incoming = true
verify_outgoing = true
verify_server_hostname = true
ca_file = "consul-agent-ca.pem"
cert_file = "dc1-client-consul-0.pem"
key_file = "dc1-client-consul-0-key.pem"

{
  "verify_incoming": true,
  "verify_outgoing": true,
  "verify_server_hostname": true,
  "ca_file": "consul-agent-ca.pem",
  "cert_file": "dc1-client-consul-0.pem",
  "key_file": "dc1-client-consul-0-key.pem"
}

Start Consul

Now that you have configured your servers and clients, you can start the Consul process.

$ systemctl start consul

Your agents will only be communicating with TLS encryption for RPC and consensus.

Next steps

After completing this tutorial, your agents will be configured with TLS for encrypted communication. With the auto encryption method, your client certificates are managed by the server. With the operator method, you distributed all the certificates, but have a more flexible configuration.

The other prerequisites for a secure Consul deployment are gossip encryption and ACLs with default deny.

Additional TLS encryption resources

For more TLS content review our other tutorials:

Enable TLS encryption on an existing datacenter. Generate TLS certificates with OpenSSL and secure the CLI and UI communication.