How does Consul Service Mesh Work on Kubernetes?

Consul Service Mesh is a feature built into to Consul that enables automatic service-to-service authorization and connection encryption across your Consul services. Consul Service Mesh can be used with Kubernetes to secure pod communication with other pods and external Kubernetes services. Consul Connect refers to the component in Consul that enables service mesh functionality. We sometimes use Connect to mean Consul service mesh throughout the documentation.

Consul can automatically inject the sidecar running Envoy into pods in your cluster, making configuration for Kubernetes automatic. This functionality is provided by the consul-k8s project and can be automatically installed and configured using the Consul Helm chart.

Usage

Installing Consul on Kubernetes with connect-inject enabled adds a sidecar to all pods. By default, it enables service mesh functionality with Consul Dataplane by injecting an Envoy proxy. You can also configure Consul to inject a client agent sidecar to connect to your service mesh. Refer to Simplified Service Mesh with Consul Dataplane for more information.

Service names

When the service is onboarded, the name registered in Consul is set to the name of the Kubernetes Service associated with the Pod. You can use the consul.hashicorp.com/connect-service annotation to specify a custom name for the service, but if ACLs are enabled then the name of the service registered in Consul must match the Pod's ServiceAccount name.

Transparent proxy mode

By default, the Consul service mesh runs in transparent proxy mode. This mode forces inbound and outbound traffic through the sidecar proxy even though the service binds to all interfaces. Transparent proxy infers the location of upstream services using Consul service intentions, and also allows you to use Kubernetes DNS as you normally would for your workloads.

When transparent proxy mode is enabled, all service-to-service traffic is required to use mTLS. When onboarding new services to service mesh, your network may have mixed mTLS and non-mTLS traffic, which can result in broken service-to-service communication. You can temporarily enable permissive mTLS mode during the onboarding process so that existing mesh services can accept traffic from services that are not yet fully onboarded. Permissive mTLS enables sidecar proxies to access both mTLS and non-mTLS traffic. Refer to Onboard mesh services in transparent proxy mode for additional information.

Kubernetes service mesh workload scenarios

The following configurations are examples for registering workloads on Kubernetes into Consul's service mesh in different scenarios. Each scenario provides an example Kubernetes manifest to demonstrate how to use Consul's service mesh with a specific Kubernetes workload type.

• Kubernetes Pods running as a deployment
• Connecting to mesh-enabled Services
• Kubernetes Jobs
• Kubernetes Pods with multiple ports

Kubernetes Pods running as a deployment

The following example shows a Kubernetes configuration that specifically enables service mesh connections for the static-server service. Consul starts and registers a sidecar proxy that listens on port 20000 by default and proxies valid inbound connections to port 8080.

apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  # This name will be the service name in Consul.
  name: static-server
spec:
  selector:
    app: static-server
  ports:
    - protocol: TCP
      port: 80
      targetPort: 8080
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: ServiceAccount
metadata:
  name: static-server
---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: static-server
spec:
  replicas: 1
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: static-server
  template:
    metadata:
      name: static-server
      labels:
        app: static-server
      annotations:
        'consul.hashicorp.com/connect-inject': 'true'
    spec:
      containers:
        - name: static-server
          image: hashicorp/http-echo:latest
          args:
            - -text="hello world"
            - -listen=:8080
          ports:
            - containerPort: 8080
              name: http
      # If ACLs are enabled, the serviceAccountName must match the Consul service name.
      serviceAccountName: static-server

The only change for Consul service mesh is the addition of the consul.hashicorp.com/connect-inject annotation. This enables injection for the Pod in this Deployment. The injector can also be configured to automatically inject unless explicitly disabled, but the default installation requires opt-in using the annotation shown above.

This will start a sidecar proxy that listens on port 20000 registered with Consul and proxies valid inbound connections to port 8080 in the pod. To establish a connection to the pod using Connect, a client must use another Connect proxy. The client Connect proxy will use Consul service discovery to find all available upstream proxies and their public ports.

In the example above, the server is listening on :8080. By default, the Consul Service Mesh runs in transparent proxy mode. This means that even though the server binds to all interfaces, the inbound and outbound connections will automatically go through to the sidecar proxy. It also allows you to use Kubernetes DNS like you normally would without the Consul Service Mesh.

The service name registered in Consul will be set to the name of the Kubernetes service associated with the Pod. This can be customized with the consul.hashicorp.com/connect-service annotation. If using ACLs, this name must be the same as the Pod's ServiceAccount name.

To establish a connection to the Pod using service mesh, a client must use another mesh proxy. The client mesh proxy will use Consul service discovery to find all available upstream proxies and their public ports.

Connecting to mesh-enabled Services

The example Deployment specification below configures a Deployment that is capable of establishing connections to our previous example "static-server" service. The connection to this static text service happens over an authorized and encrypted connection via Connect.

apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  # This name will be the service name in Consul.
  name: static-client
spec:
  selector:
    app: static-client
  ports:
    - port: 80
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: ServiceAccount
metadata:
  name: static-client
---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: static-client
spec:
  replicas: 1
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: static-client
  template:
    metadata:
      name: static-client
      labels:
        app: static-client
      annotations:
        'consul.hashicorp.com/connect-inject': 'true'
    spec:
      containers:
        - name: static-client
          image: curlimages/curl:latest
          # Just spin & wait forever, we'll use `kubectl exec` to demo
          command: ['/bin/sh', '-c', '--']
          args: ['while true; do sleep 30; done;']
      # If ACLs are enabled, the serviceAccountName must match the Consul service name.
      serviceAccountName: static-client

By default when ACLs are enabled or when ACLs default policy is allow, Consul will automatically configure proxies with all upstreams from the same datacenter. When ACLs are enabled with default deny policy, you must supply an intention to tell Consul which upstream you need to talk to.

When upstreams are specified explicitly with the consul.hashicorp.com/connect-service-upstreams annotation, the injector will also set environment variables <NAME>_CONNECT_SERVICE_HOST and <NAME>_CONNECT_SERVICE_PORT in every container in the Pod for every defined upstream. This is analogous to the standard Kubernetes service environment variables, but point instead to the correct local proxy port to establish connections via Connect.

We can verify access to the static text server using kubectl exec. Because transparent proxy is enabled by default, we use Kubernetes DNS to connect to our desired upstream.

$ kubectl exec deploy/static-client -- curl --silent http://static-server/
"hello world"

We can control access to the server using intentions. If you use the Consul UI or CLI to create a deny intention between "static-client" and "static-server", connections are immediately rejected without updating either of the running pods. You can then remove this intention to allow connections again.

$ kubectl exec deploy/static-client -- curl --silent http://static-server/
command terminated with exit code 52

Kubernetes Jobs

Kubernetes Jobs run pods that only make outbound requests to services on the mesh and successfully terminate when they are complete. In order to register a Kubernetes Job with the mesh, you must provide an integer value for the consul.hashicorp.com/sidecar-proxy-lifecycle-shutdown-grace-period-seconds annotation. Then, issue a request to the http://127.0.0.1:20600/graceful_shutdown API endpoint so that Kubernetes gracefully shuts down the consul-dataplane sidecar after the job is complete.

Below is an example Kubernetes manifest that deploys a job correctly.

---
apiVersion: v1
kind: ServiceAccount
metadata:
  name: test-job
  namespace: default
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: test-job
  namespace: default
spec:
  selector:
    app: test-job
  ports:
    - port: 80
---
apiVersion: batch/v1
kind: Job
metadata:
   name: test-job
   namespace: default
   labels:
     app: test-job
spec:
  template:
    metadata:
      annotations:
        'consul.hashicorp.com/connect-inject': 'true'
        'consul.hashicorp.com/sidecar-proxy-lifecycle-shutdown-grace-period-seconds': '5'
      labels:
        app: test-job
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: test-job
        image: alpine/curl:3.14
        ports:
        - containerPort: 80
        command:
          - /bin/sh
          - -c
          - |
            echo "Started test job"
            sleep 10
            echo "Killing proxy"
            curl --max-time 2 -s -f -XPOST http://127.0.0.1:20600/graceful_shutdown
            sleep 10
            echo "Ended test job"
      serviceAccountName: test-job
      restartPolicy: Never

Upon completing the job you should be able to verify that all containers are shut down within the pod.

$ kubectl get pods  
NAME             READY   STATUS      RESTARTS   AGE
test-job-49st7   0/2     Completed   0          3m55s

$ kubectl get job
NAME       COMPLETIONS   DURATION   AGE
test-job   1/1           30s        4m31s

In addition, based on the logs emitted by the pod you can verify that the proxy was shut down before the Job completed.

$ kubectl logs test-job-49st7 -c test-job
Started test job
Killing proxy
Ended test job

Kubernetes Pods with multiple ports

To configure a pod with multiple ports to be a part of the service mesh and receive and send service mesh traffic, you will need to add configuration so that a Consul service can be registered per port. This is because services in Consul currently support a single port per service instance.

In the following example, suppose we have a pod which exposes 2 ports, 8080 and 9090, both of which will need to receive service mesh traffic.

First, decide on the names for the two Consul services that will correspond to those ports. In this example, the user chooses the names web for 8080 and web-admin for 9090.

Create two service accounts for web and web-admin:

apiVersion: v1
kind: ServiceAccount
metadata:
  name: web
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: ServiceAccount
metadata:
  name: web-admin

Create two Service objects for web and web-admin:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: web
spec:
  selector:
    app: web
  ports:
    - protocol: TCP
      port: 80
      targetPort: 8080
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: web-admin
spec:
  selector:
    app: web
  ports:
    - protocol: TCP
      port: 80
      targetPort: 9090

web will target containerPort 8080 and select pods labeled app: web. web-admin will target containerPort 9090 and will also select the same pods.

apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
metadata:
  name: web
  annotations:
    kubernetes.io/service-account.name: web
  type: kubernetes.io/service-account-token
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
metadata:
  name: web-admin
  annotations:
    kubernetes.io/service-account.name: web-admin
  type: kubernetes.io/service-account-token

Create a Deployment with any chosen name, and use the following annotations:

annotations:
  'consul.hashicorp.com/connect-inject': 'true'
  'consul.hashicorp.com/transparent-proxy': 'false'
  'consul.hashicorp.com/connect-service': 'web,web-admin'
  'consul.hashicorp.com/connect-service-port': '8080,9090'

Note that the order the ports are listed in the same order as the service names, i.e. the first service name web corresponds to the first port, 8080, and the second service name web-admin corresponds to the second port, 9090.

The service account on the pod spec for the deployment should be set to the first service name web:

serviceAccountName: web

The following deployment example demonstrates the required annotations for the manifest. In addition, the previous YAML manifests can also be combined into a single manifest for easier deployment.

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: web
spec:
  replicas: 1
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: web
  template:
    metadata:
      name: web
      labels:
        app: web
      annotations:
        'consul.hashicorp.com/connect-inject': 'true'
        'consul.hashicorp.com/transparent-proxy': 'false'
        'consul.hashicorp.com/connect-service': 'web,web-admin'
        'consul.hashicorp.com/connect-service-port': '8080,9090'
    spec:
      containers:
        - name: web
          image: hashicorp/http-echo:latest
          args:
            - -text="hello world"
            - -listen=:8080
          ports:
            - containerPort: 8080
              name: http
        - name: web-admin
          image: hashicorp/http-echo:latest
          args:
            - -text="hello world from 9090"
            - -listen=:9090
          ports:
            - containerPort: 9090
              name: http
      serviceAccountName: web

After deploying the web application, you can test service mesh connections by deploying the static-client application with the configuration in the previous section and add the consul.hashicorp.com/connect-service-upstreams: 'web:1234,web-admin:2234' annotation to the pod template on static-client:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  # This name will be the service name in Consul.
  name: static-client
spec:
  selector:
    app: static-client
  ports:
    - port: 80
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: ServiceAccount
metadata:
  name: static-client
---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: static-client
spec:
  replicas: 1
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: static-client
  template:
    metadata:
      name: static-client
      labels:
        app: static-client
      annotations:
        'consul.hashicorp.com/connect-inject': 'true'
        'consul.hashicorp.com/connect-service-upstreams': 'web:1234,web-admin:2234'
    spec:
      containers:
        - name: static-client
          image: curlimages/curl:latest
          # Just spin & wait forever, we'll use `kubectl exec` to demo
          command: ['/bin/sh', '-c', '--']
          args: ['while true; do sleep 30; done;']
      # If ACLs are enabled, the serviceAccountName must match the Consul service name.
      serviceAccountName: static-client

If you exec on to a static-client pod, using a command like:

$ kubectl exec -it static-client-5bd667fbd6-kk6xs -- /bin/sh

you can then run:

$ curl localhost:1234

to see the output hello world and run:

$ curl localhost:2234

to see the output hello world from 9090.

The way this works is that a Consul service instance is being registered per port on the Pod, so there are 2 Consul services in this case. An additional Envoy sidecar proxy and connect-init init container are also deployed per port in the Pod. So the upstream configuration can use the individual service names to reach each port as seen in the example.

Caveats for Multi-port Pods

• Transparent proxy is not supported for multi-port Pods.
• Metrics and metrics merging is not supported for multi-port Pods.
• Upstreams will only be set on the first service's Envoy sidecar proxy for the pod.
  • This means that ServiceIntentions from a multi-port pod to elsewhere, will need to use the first service's name, web in the example above to accept connections from either web or web-admin. ServiceIntentions from elsewhere to a multi-port pod can use the individual service names within the multi-port Pod.
• Health checking is done on a per-Pod basis, so if any Kubernetes health checks (like readiness, liveness, etc) are failing for any container on the Pod, the entire Pod is marked unhealthy, and any Consul service referencing that Pod will also be marked as unhealthy. So, if web has a failing health check, web-admin would also be marked as unhealthy for service mesh traffic.

Installation and Configuration

The Connect sidecar proxy is injected via a mutating admission webhook provided by the consul-k8s project. This enables the automatic pod mutation shown in the usage section above. Installation of the mutating admission webhook is automated using the Helm chart.

To install the Connect injector, enable the Connect injection feature using Helm values and upgrade the installation using helm upgrade for existing installs or helm install for a fresh install.

connectInject:
  enabled: true

This will configure the injector to inject when the injection annotation is set to true. Other values in the Helm chart can be used to limit the namespaces the injector runs in, enable injection by default, and more.

Verifying the Installation

To verify the installation, run the "Accepting Inbound Connections" example from the "Usage" section above. After running this example, run kubectl get pod static-server --output yaml. In the raw YAML output, you should see injected Connect containers and an annotation consul.hashicorp.com/connect-inject-status set to injected. This confirms that injection is working properly.

If you do not see this, then use kubectl logs against the injector pod and note any errors.

Controlling Injection Via Annotation

By default, the injector will inject only when the injection annotation on the pod (not the deployment) is set to true:

annotations:
  'consul.hashicorp.com/connect-inject': 'true'

Injection Defaults

If you wish for the injector to always inject, you can set the default to true in the Helm chart:

connectInject:
  enabled: true
  default: true

You can then exclude specific pods via annotation:

annotations:
  'consul.hashicorp.com/connect-inject': 'false'

Controlling Injection Via Namespace

You can control which Kubernetes namespaces are allowed to be injected via the k8sAllowNamespaces and k8sDenyNamespaces keys:

connectInject:
  enabled: true
  k8sAllowNamespaces: ['*']
  k8sDenyNamespaces: []

In the default configuration (shown above), services from all namespaces are allowed to be injected. Whether or not they're injected depends on the value of connectInject.default and the consul.hashicorp.com/connect-inject annotation.

If you wish to only enable injection in specific namespaces, you can list only those namespaces in the k8sAllowNamespaces key. In the configuration below only the my-ns-1 and my-ns-2 namespaces will be enabled for injection. All other namespaces will be ignored, even if the connect inject annotation is set.

connectInject:
  enabled: true
  k8sAllowNamespaces: ['my-ns-1', 'my-ns-2']
  k8sDenyNamespaces: []

If you wish to enable injection in every namespace except specific namespaces, you can use * in the allow list to allow all namespaces and then specify the namespaces to exclude in the deny list:

connectInject:
  enabled: true
  k8sAllowNamespaces: ['*']
  k8sDenyNamespaces: ['no-inject-ns-1', 'no-inject-ns-2']

Consul Enterprise Namespaces

Consul Enterprise 1.7+ supports Consul namespaces. When Kubernetes pods are registered into Consul, you can control which Consul namespace they are registered into.

There are three options available:

1. Single Destination Namespace – Register all Kubernetes pods, regardless of namespace, into the same Consul namespace.

   This can be configured with:

   global:
     enableConsulNamespaces: true
   
   connectInject:
     enabled: true
     consulNamespaces:
       consulDestinationNamespace: 'my-consul-ns'
   

   NOTE: If the destination namespace does not exist we will create it.

2. Mirror Namespaces - Register each Kubernetes pod into a Consul namespace with the same name as its Kubernetes namespace. For example, pod foo in Kubernetes namespace ns-1 will be synced to the Consul namespace ns-1. If a mirrored namespace does not exist in Consul, it will be created.

   This can be configured with:

   global:
     enableConsulNamespaces: true
   
   connectInject:
     enabled: true
     consulNamespaces:
       mirroringK8S: true
   

3. Mirror Namespaces With Prefix - Register each Kubernetes pod into a Consul namespace with the same name as its Kubernetes namespace with a prefix. For example, given a prefix k8s-, pod foo in Kubernetes namespace ns-1 will be synced to the Consul namespace k8s-ns-1.

   This can be configured with:

   global:
     enableConsulNamespaces: true
   
   connectInject:
     enabled: true
     consulNamespaces:
       mirroringK8S: true
       mirroringK8SPrefix: 'k8s-'
   

Consul Enterprise Namespace Upstreams

When transparent proxy is enabled and ACLs are disabled, the upstreams will be configured automatically across Consul namespaces. When ACLs are enabled, you must configure it by specifying an intention, allowing services across Consul namespaces to talk to each other.

If you wish to specify an upstream explicitly via the consul.hashicorp.com/connect-service-upstreams annotation, use the format [service-name].[namespace]:[port]:[optional datacenter]:

annotations:
  'consul.hashicorp.com/connect-inject': 'true'
  'consul.hashicorp.com/connect-service-upstreams': '[service-name].[namespace]:[port]:[optional datacenter]'

See consul.hashicorp.com/connect-service-upstreams for more details.