Implement data management policies

You can use data management policies to manage the lifecycle of your organization's data. When you store data either in the cloud or on-premises, it is important to define and automate the policies around managing that data. Defining management with infrastructure as code tools, such as Terraform, ensures you consistently apply these policies across all environments and resources.

Why you should use lifecycle policies

Most major cloud providers offer lifecycle management features for their storage services. These features allow you to define rules that automatically transition data between different storage classes based on age or access patterns, and delete data that has reached the end of its retention period.

When you implement data management policies, you gain the following benefits:

• Reduce storage costs by automatically deleting data that is no longer needed.
• Reduce storage costs by storing data in the most cost-effective storage class based on access patterns and retention requirements.
• Ensure compliance with legal and regulatory requirements for data retention.
• Minimize security risks by removing sensitive data after a defined period of time.

Automate policy management with infrastructure as code

You can use Terraform to define and manage lifecycle policies and implement those policies across your organization. You can create Terraform modules to create data management policies for different data types and compliance requirements. These modules can automatically apply appropriate lifecycle rules, storage class transitions, and deletion policies to new or existing storage resources.

The following Terraform configuration defines a data lifecycle policy to move AWS S3 data to Glacier Instant Retrieval after 365 days:

resource "aws_s3_bucket_lifecycle_configuration" "example" {
  bucket = aws_s3_bucket.bucket.id

  rule {
    id = "Allow small object transitions"

    filter {
      object_size_greater_than = 1
    }

    status = "Enabled"

    transition {
      days          = 365
      storage_class = "GLACIER_IR"
    }
  }
}

Terraform can also tag resources with appropriate retention metadata. These tags can include creation dates, data classifications, and retention periods.

For example, you can use the tag block with AWS S3 to automatically apply tags to all resources created by Terraform. The S3 lifecycle rule specifies a filter based on a tag key and value. The rule then applies only to a subset of objects with the specific tag.

resource "aws_s3_bucket_lifecycle_configuration" "example" {
  bucket = aws_s3_bucket.bucket.id

  rule {
    id = "rule-1"

    filter {
      tag {
        key   = "Name"
        value = "Staging"
      }
    }

    transition {
      days          = 30
      storage_class = "GLACIER"
    }

    status = "Enabled"
  }
}

Other cloud providers, such as Google Cloud Platform and Microsoft Azure, offer similar lifecycle management features for their storage services. You can use Terraform to manage lifecycle policies across multiple cloud providers, ensuring consistent data management practices regardless of where your data resides.

HashiCorp resources:

• Search the Terraform Registry for the cloud or database provider you use.

• Learn best practices for writing Terraform with the Terraform style guide.

External resources:

• Cloud storage: AWS, GCP, and Azure
• Learn how to set the lifecycle configuration for a Google Cloud Bucket with Terraform.
• AWS Enforce data retention policies

Next steps

In this section of Lifecycle management, you learned about implementing data management policies, including why you should use lifecycle policies and how to automate policy management with infrastructure as code. Implement data management policies is part of the Optimize systems pillar.

To learn more about infrastructure and resource management, refer to the following resources:

• Automate infrastructure provisioning